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Land surveying
Definition
 This article is about measuring positions on Earth. For other uses, see Survey (disambiguation) and Surveyor (disambiguation).

A surveyor at work with an infrared reflector used for distance measurement.

Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, and science of determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional position of points and the distances and angles between them. A land surveying professional is called a land surveyor. These points are usually on the surface of the Earth, and they are often used to establish land maps and boundaries for ownership, locations like building corners or the surface location of subsurface features, or other purposes required by government or civil law, such as property sales.
Surveyors work with elements of geometry, trigonometry, regression analysis, physics, engineering, metrology, programming languages and the law. They use equipment like total stations, robotic total stations, GPS receivers, retroreflectors, 3D scanners, radios, handheld tablets, digital levels, drones, GIS and surveying software.
Surveying has been an element in the development of the human environment since the beginning of recorded history. The planning and execution of most forms of construction require it. It is also used in transport, communications, mapping, and the definition of legal boundaries for land ownership. It is an important tool for research in many other scientific disciplines.

History

See also: Cadastre § History, Cartography § History, and Topographic mapping § History

Ancient surveying

A plumb rule from the book Cassells' Carpentry and Joinery

Basic surveyance has occurred since humans built the first large structures. The prehistoric monument at Stonehenge (c. 2500 BC) was set out by prehistoric surveyors using peg and rope geometry.^[2]
In ancient Egypt, a rope stretcher would use simple geometry to re-establish boundaries after the annual floods of the Nile River. The almost perfect squareness and north-south orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza, built c. 2700 BC, affirm the Egyptians' command of surveying. The Groma instrument originated in Mesopotamia (early 1st millennium BC).^[3]
The mathematician Liu Hui described ways of measuring distant objects in his work Haidao suanjing or The Sea Island Mathematical Manual, published in 263 AD.
The Romans recognized land surveyors as a profession. They established the basic measurements under which the Roman Empire was divided, such as a tax register of conquered lands (300 AD).^[4] Roman surveyors were known as Gromatici.
In medieval Europe, beating the bounds maintained the boundaries of a village or parish. This was the practice of gathering a group of residents and walking around the parish or village to establish a communal memory of the boundaries. Young boys were included to ensure the memory lasted as long as possible.
In England, William the Conqueror commissioned the Domesday Book in 1086. It recorded the names of all the land owners, the area of land they owned, the quality of the land, and specific information of the area's content and inhabitants. It did not include maps showing exact locations.

Hardware

Surveying equipment. Clockwise from upper left: optical theodolite, robotic total station, RTK GPS base station, optical level.

The main surveying instruments in use around the world are the theodolite, measuring tape, total station, 3D scanners, GPS/GNSS, level and rod. Most instruments screw onto a tripod when in use. Tape measures are often used for measurement of smaller distances. 3D scanners and various forms of aerial imagery are also used.

Software

Land surveyors, construction professionals and civil engineers using total station, GPS, 3D scanners and other collector data use Land Surveying Software to increase efficiency, accuracy and productivity. Land Surveying Software is a staple of contemporary land surveying.^[11]



Artinya
Definisi

 Artikel ini adalah tentang pengukuran posisi di Bumi. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Survey (disambiguasi) dan Surveyor (disambiguasi).mengacu pada keteranganSebuah surveyor di tempat kerja dengan reflektor inframerah digunakan untuk pengukuran jarak.Survei atau pengukuran tanah adalah teknik, profesi, dan ilmu menentukan posisi terestrial atau tiga-dimensi poin, jarak dan sudut antara mereka. Sebuah survei profesional tanah disebut surveyor tanah. Titik-titik ini biasanya di permukaan bumi, dan mereka sering digunakan untuk menetapkan peta tanah dan batas-batas untuk kepemilikan, lokasi seperti sudut bangunan atau lokasi permukaan fitur bawah permukaan, atau keperluan lain yang dibutuhkan oleh pemerintah atau hukum perdata, seperti properti penjualan.Surveyor bekerja dengan unsur-unsur geometri, trigonometri, analisis regresi, fisika, teknik, metrologi, bahasa pemrograman dan hukum. Mereka menggunakan peralatan seperti stasiun total, total stasiun robot, penerima GPS, retroreflectors, scanner 3D, radio, tablet genggam, tingkat digital, drone, GIS dan perangkat lunak survei.Survei telah menjadi elemen dalam pengembangan lingkungan manusia sejak awal sejarah yang tercatat. Perencanaan dan pelaksanaan dari sebagian besar bentuk konstruksi membutuhkan itu. Hal ini juga digunakan dalam transportasi, komunikasi, pemetaan, dan definisi batas-batas hukum untuk kepemilikan tanah. Ini adalah alat penting untuk penelitian di banyak disiplin ilmu lainnya.

 Sejarah

Lihat juga: Kadaster § Sejarah, Kartografi § Sejarah, dan Sejarah Topografi pemetaan §survei kunomengacu pada keteranganAturan plumb dari buku Cassells 'tukang kayu dan kayusurveyance dasar telah terjadi sejak manusia membangun struktur besar pertama. Prasejarah monumen di Stonehenge (c. 2500 SM) ditetapkan oleh surveyor prasejarah menggunakan pasak dan tali geometri. [2]Di Mesir kuno, tandu tali akan menggunakan geometri sederhana untuk membangun kembali batas-batas setelah banjir tahunan Sungai Nil. Hampir sempurna kuadrat dan utara-selatan orientasi Piramida Agung Giza, dibangun c. 2700 SM, menegaskan perintah Mesir 'dari survei. Instrumen Groma berasal Mesopotamia (awal Milenium ke-1 SM). [3]Matematika Liu Hui dijelaskan cara mengukur obyek yang jauh dalam pekerjaan Haidao suanjing atau The Sea Island Pedoman Matematika, diterbitkan pada 263 AD.Bangsa Romawi diakui surveyor tanah sebagai profesi. Mereka mendirikan pengukuran dasar di mana Kekaisaran Romawi dibagi, seperti daftar pajak tanah yang ditaklukkan (300 AD). [4] surveyor Romawi dikenal sebagai Gromatici.Di Eropa abad pertengahan, mengalahkan batas mempertahankan batas-batas desa atau paroki. Ini adalah praktek pengumpulan sekelompok warga dan berjalan di sekitar paroki atau desa untuk membangun memori komunal batas. anak-anak muda dimasukkan untuk memastikan memori berlangsung selama mungkin.Di Inggris, William Sang Penakluk menugaskan Domesday Buku di 1086. Ini mencatat nama-nama dari semua pemilik tanah, luas lahan yang mereka miliki, kualitas tanah, dan informasi spesifik konten dan penduduk di daerah itu. Itu tidak termasuk peta yang menunjukkan lokasi yang tepat.

 Perangkat kerasTeodolit.Total Station.Optik Tingkat.Survei stasiun GPS.Survei peralatan. Searah jarum jam dari kiri atas: theodolite optik, total station robot, RTK base station GPS, tingkat optik.Instrumen survei utama yang digunakan di seluruh dunia adalah teodolit, pita pengukur, total station, 3D scanner, GPS / GNSS, tingkat dan batang. Kebanyakan instrumen sekrup ke tripod saat digunakan. pita pengukur sering digunakan untuk pengukuran jarak yang lebih kecil. 3D scanner dan berbagai bentuk citra udara juga digunakan.

 Perangkat lunaksurveyor tanah, profesional konstruksi dan insinyur sipil menggunakan total station, GPS, scanner 3D dan data kolektor lain menggunakan lahan Survei Software untuk meningkatkan efisiensi, akurasi dan produktivitas. Tanah Survei Software adalah pokok dari pengukuran tanah kontemporer. [11] 

1.   What is the name of the title of this article?

      The name of the title is Land surveying

2.   Who is mathematician explain measured in Haidao Suanjing?

      He’s name is Liu Hui

3.   When The Sea Island Mathematical Manual has published?

      The sea island Mathematical manual has published in 263 AD

4.   Where is The simple geometry first used?

      The simple geometry has first used in Nile river at Ancient egypt

5.   Why ancient Egypt used simple geometry?

      Because to re-estabilished the boundaries after the annual floods

6.   How much equipment survey in the above definition? Mention it!

      10 equipments, total stations, robotic total stations, GPS receivers, retro reflectors, 3D scanners, radios, handheld tablets, digital levels, drones, and GIS


Tenses

Simple Past Tense

ÒThe mathematician Liu Hui described ways of measuring distant objects in his work Haidao suanjing

ÒThe Romans recognized land surveyors as a profession

ÒWilliam the Conqueror commissioned the Domesday Book in 1086

Past Continuous Tense

ÒThe prehistoric monument at Stonehenge (c. 2500 BC) was set out by prehistoric surveyors using peg and rope geometry

ÒYoung boys were included to ensure the memory lasted as long as possible.

Reasons

Because, The author was typed A history of land surveying  and many used past tense sentences

Nominal and verbal sentences

Nominal Sentences

1.Liu Hui is a Mathematician

2.Land Surveying was a Profession in Roman empire

3.land surveying is the technique of determining the terrestrial

●

Verbal Sentences

1.Mathematical Manual published in 263 AD

2.William the Conqueror commissioned the Domesday Book in 1086

3.They established the basic measurements under which the Roman Empire was divided

Active and passive voice

Pasive

—The Romans recognized land surveyors as a profession

Active

—Land Surveyors is recognized as a profession by The Romans

Pasive

—William the Conqueror commissioned the Domesday Book in 1086

Active

—The Domesday Book has commissioned in 1086 by William the conqueror